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Petre Borilă (born Iordan Dragan Rusev; Bulgarian: Йордан Драган Русев, ''Yordan Dragan Rusev''; 1906 – 1973) was a Romanian communist politician who briefly served as Vice-Premier under the Communist regime. A member of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) since his late teens, he was a political commissar in the Spanish Civil War and a Comintern cadre afterwards, spending World War II in exile to the Soviet Union. Borilă returned to Romania during the late 1940s, and rose to prominence under Communist rule, when he was a member of the PCR's Central Committee and Politburo. Initially close to the faction formed around Ana Pauker and Vasile Luca, Borilă rallied with their adversary Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, thus ensuring his own political survival. He subsequently endorsed the official policies, and played a part in ousting Gheorghiu-Dej's newly found rival, Iosif Chişinevschi, but was progressively marginalized after Nicolae Ceauşescu emerged as Romania's ruler. Objecting to Ceaușescu's nationalism, he also had a notorious personal conflict with the new leader, after the latter's son Valentin married Borilă's daughter. ==Biography== Borilă was born to ethnic Bulgarian parents in the Southern Dobrujan city of Silistra,〔Tismăneanu, p.293〕 which was at the time part of the Bulgarian Principality and, between 1913 and 1940, part of the Kingdom of Romania. He joined the newly outlawed PCR in 1924, and became known under his adoptive name at some point in the 1930s.〔Tismăneanu, ''Stalinism...'', p.293〕 The party appointed him commissar with the International Brigades fighting for the Republican side in Spain, whence he returned after the Nationalist victory.〔〔George H. Hodos, ''Show Trials: Stalinist Purges in Eastern Europe, 1948-1954'', Praeger/Greenwood, Westport, 1987, p.99. ISBN 0-275-92783-0〕 During World War II, Petre Borilă resided in the Soviet Union, where he was still present as Romania joined the Axis Powers in their 1941 invasion.〔 He worked for the Comintern before its 1943 dissolution, being a personal collaborator to its leaders Georgi Dimitrov and Dmitry Manuilsky.〔Tismăneanu, ''Stalinism...'', p.160, 293〕 At the time, he also had close contacts with other prominent Romanian communist exiles, including Luca, Pauker, Leonte Răutu, and Valter Roman — this nucleus, representing a distinct faction inside the PCR, planned to take over the entire party upon their return to Romania.〔 In this, they were opposed by the "prison faction", whose members, including its main figure Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, had been arrested and were serving time in Romania. According to historian Vladimir Tismăneanu, Borilă had grown aware that support for his faction was fragile, and, in order to ensure his political survival, maintained close contacts with Gheorghiu-Dej.〔 Borilă returned to Romania with the Red Army after the start of Soviet occupation.〔 As the Luca-Pauker group ensured a main role in leading the reunited PCR (known for a while afterwards as the Romanian Workers' Party or PMR), he himself rose to prominence: following the establishment of a Communist regime (1947), he was a member of the Central Committee (1948-1969) and of the Politburo (1952-1965).〔Tismăneanu, ''Stalinism...'', p.168, 293〕 He was also among those charged with politically supervising its secret police, the Securitate.〔 During the early 1950s, he and fellow PCR members Dumitru Coliu and Ion Vincze organized political repression through a series of violent measures.〔 Reputedly, his relations with Pauker and Luca grew tense as early as 1950, when the former two began a campaign aimed at removing Spanish Civil War volunteers from the PMR leadership, in view of subjecting them to a show trial.〔 At the time, Gheorghe Vasilichi and Valter Roman were singled out as "spies", and Borilă himself seems to have been considered as a victim of the purge.〔 His renewed contacts with Gheorghiu-Dej were taken as a sign that the International Brigades veterans were ready to play a role in ousting the Pauker-Luca faction, and as such granted protection by the other main group.〔 In 1952, Borilă aligned with other PMR leaders and facilitated the fall of the Pauker-Luca faction (initiated by Vasile Luca's arrest).〔Tismăneanu, ''Gheorghiu-Dej...'', p.4〕 He remained a relatively important figure during Gheorghiu-Dej's supremacy, serving as Vice-Premier in 1954-1965.〔 In 1956, he was, alongside Gheorghiu-Dej, Miron Constantinescu and Iosif Chişinevschi, one of Romania's delegates to the famous 20th Congress of the Soviet Communist Party, where, to their surprise, Nikita Khrushchev condemned Joseph Stalin and announced a path to De-Stalinization.〔Tismăneanu, ''Gheorghiu-Dej...'', p.14-15〕 As a consequence of this move, Gheorghiu-Dej made a claim to have De-Stalinized the PCR years before Khrushchev, and linked Stalinism exclusively to the fallen Pauker-Luca faction: Petre Borilă played a significant part in this process, rallying with the Romanian leader as the latter purged the PMR of members who advocated increased liberalization.〔Tismăneanu, ''Gheorghiu-Dej...'', p.15-18, 25-26〕 Later in the same year, together with Gheorghiu-Dej, Vincze, Constantin Pîrvulescu and Alexandru Moghioroş, he engaged in talks with Pauker, who was by then released from detention by placed under close Securitate surveillance — they attempted to have her confess to political crimes, but she defiantly continued to deny the bulk of the charges.〔Tismăneanu, ''Gheorghiu-Dej...'', p.3〕 Despite the ideological conflict between the PCR and Khrushchev, Romania supported Soviet intervention against the 1956 Revolution in Hungary, and Gheorghiu-Dej agreed to have dissident Hungarian leader Imre Nagy kept under arrest in Snagov. Alongside Valter Roman, Nicolae Goldberger, and others, Borilă came to Snagov and played a personal part in pressuring Nagy and other members of his fallen cabinet to confess (1957).〔Tismăneanu, ''Gheorghiu-Dej...'', p.22〕 During the following years, he backed Gheorghiu-Dej in his conflict with Chișinevschi and Miron Constantinescu, both of whom were ousted from the PMR leadership after being publicly exposed to criticism.〔Tismăneanu, ''Gheorghiu-Dej...'', p.25-26, 37〕 This was especially the case during a 1961 plenum meeting of the Workers' Party, when he voiced harsh criticism of Chișinevschi, but also Pauker and Luca, whom he depicted as enforcers of Soviet directives.〔Tismăneanu, ''Gheorghiu-Dej...'', p.25-26, 37, 39, 40〕 Between 1965 and 1969, under Romania's new leader, Nicolae Ceauşescu, he was a member of the Executive Committee (the reformed Politburo of the PCR, as the latter discarded its PMR name).〔 Nevertheless, he came to clash with Ceaușescu over various issues, the most important of which being the open encouragement of nationalism and claims of independence inside the Eastern Bloc (policies to which the pro-Soviet Borilă was strongly opposed).〔 A particular point of contention between Ceaușescu and Borilă was the personal life of their children. Borilă, who was married to Ecaterina Abraham, a Romanian communist of Jewish origin,〔 was father to Iordana (or Dana), who fell in love with and married Ceaușescu's oldest son, Valentin. Both families objected to their wedding, and their relations grew notably tense.〔〔 Lavinia Betea, ("Viaţa 'mâinii drepte' a lui Ceauşescu" (interview with Andrei Lupu) ), in ''Jurnalul Naţional'', March 21, 2007〕〔 Lucia Ivănescu, ("Ce cadouri primea Ceauşescu de ziua lui" (interview with Constantin Roguschi) ), in ''Cronica Română'', January 26, 2007〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Petre Borilă」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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